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Physical Chemistry:     40 teaching hours

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Unit-1. Volumetric Analysis     :  8 teaching hrs

Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight ; Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency ; Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents) ; Concentration of solution and its units in terms of : Percentage, g/L , molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb ; Primary and secondary standard substances ; Law of equivalence and normality equation ; Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox titration ( related numerical problems)

Unit 2. Ionic Equilibrium :      10 hrs

Introduction to Acids and Bases ; Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases ; Bronsted –Lowry definition of acids and bases ; Relative strength of acids and bases ; Conjugate acid –base pairs ; Lewis definition of acids and bases ; Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald’s dilution law) ; Ionic product of water(Kw) ; Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka& Kb) ; Concept of pKa and pKb ; pH value: pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases ; Solubility and solubility product principle ; Common Ion effect ; Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions ; Buffer solution and its application ; Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base titration; Types of salts: Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples) ; Hydrolysis of salts : Salts of strong acid and strong base , Salts of weak acid and strong base , Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)

Unit 3. Chemical Kinetics       : 7 hrs

Introduction ; Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of reactions ; Rate law and its expressions ; Rate constant and its unit and significance; Order and molecularity ; Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction ; Half-life of zero and first order reactions ; Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex ; Factors affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram) ; Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)

Unit 4. Thermodynamics       :   8 hrs

Introduction ; Energy in chemical reactions ; Internal energy ; First law of thermodynamics ; Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and exothermic processes) ; Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion ; Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law) ; Entropy and spontaneity ; Second law of thermodynamics ; Gibbs’ free energy and prediction of spontaneity ; Relationship between ∆G and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)

Unit 5. Electrochemistry    :   7 hrs

Electrode potential and standard electrode potential ; Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes ; Electrochemical series and its applications ; Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell ; Cell potential and standard cell potential ; Relationship between cell potential and free energy ; Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)

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Inorganic Chemistry : 20 teaching hours.

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Unit 6.Transition Metals           :   5 hrs

Introduction ; Characteristics of transition metals ; Oxidation states of transition metals ; Complex ions and metal complexes ; Shapes of complex ions ; d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by crystal field theory) for octahedral complex ; Reasons for the colour of transition metal compounds ; Catalytic properties of transition metals

Unit 7. Studies of Heavy Metals        :  15 hrs

7.1 Copper : Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite ; Properties (with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of blue vitriol ; Other compounds of copper (red oxide and black oxide of copper) formula and uses only

7.2 Zinc : Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende ; Properties (with air, acid, alkali, displacement reaction) and uses of zinc ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of white vitriol

7.3 Mercury : Occurrence and extraction of mercury from cinnabar ; Properties of mercury ; Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate

7.4 Iron : Occurrence and extraction of iron ; Properties and uses of iron ; Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process ; Corrosion of iron and its prevention

7.5 Silver : Occurrence and extraction of silver by cyanide process ; Preparation and uses of silver chloride and silver nitrate.

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Organic Chemistry : 55 teaching hours.

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Unit 8. Haloalkanes        :  8 hrs

Introduction ; Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes ; Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols ; Physical properties of monohaloalkanes ; Chemical properties, substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 reactions (basic concept only) ; Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether, thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes ; Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation- Saytzeff’s rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction ; Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone ; Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation, reduction, action on silver powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous alkali.

Unit 9. Haloarenes     : 3 hrs

Introduction ; Nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes ; Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties : Low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction , Reduction of chlorobenzene , Electrophilic substitution reactions , Action with Na (Fittig and Wurtz- Fittig reaction) ; Action with chloral ; Uses of haloarenes.

Unit 10. Alcohols         : 7 hrs

Introduction ; Nomenclature; isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol ; Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer’s Method ; Preparation of monohydric alcohols from Haloalkane, primary amines, and esters ; Industrial preparation alcohol from: oxo process, hydroboration-oxidation of ethene & fermentation of sugar ; Definition of common terms: Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), rectified spirit; alcoholic beverage ; Physical properties monohydric alcohols ; Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols : Reaction with HX, PX3, PCl5, SOCl2 ; Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li ; Dehydration of alcohols ; Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 ; Catalyic dehydrogenation of 1⁰ and 2⁰ alcohol and dehydration of 3⁰ alcohol. ; Esterification reaction ; Test of ethanol.

Unit 11. Phenols       : 4 hrs

Introduction and nomenclature ; Preparation of phenol from i. chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii. benzene sulphonic acid ; Physical properties of phenol ; Chemical properties : Acidic nature of phenol (comparison with alcohol and water) ; Action with NH3, Zn, Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride ; Acylation reaction, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction ; Electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft’s alkylation ; Test of phenol: (FeCl3 test, aq. Bromine test & Libermann test) ; Uses of phenol .

Unit 12. Ethers        : 2 hrs

Introduction ; Nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers ; Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson’s synthesis ; Physical properties of ether ; Chemical properties of ethoxyethane: action with HI , Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2 , Uses of ethers

Unit 13. aldehydes and Ketones      : 10 hrs

Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from: Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride, Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes ; Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones ; Chemical properties ; Structure and nature of carbonyl group ; Distinction between aldehyde and ketones by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s solution ; Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN and NaHSO3 13.1.4.4 Action of aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide ; Aldol condensation ; Cannizzaro’s reaction ; Clemmensen’s reduction 13.1.4.8 Wolf-Kishner reduction ; Action with PCl5 and action with LiAlH4 ; Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol ; Formalin and its uses .

Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones : Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene ; Properties of benzaldehyde ; Perkin condensation ; Benzoin condensation ; Cannizzaro’s reaction ; Electrophilic substitution reaction .

Unit 14. Carboxylic Acid and its Derivaties     : 9 hrs

Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids : Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes ; Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene ; Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids ; Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl3, LiAlH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid ; Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction ; Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid bromination, nitration and sulphonation) ; Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid ; Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid

Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides) : Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid ; Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives ; Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only) ; Claisen condensation ; Hofmann bromamide reaction ; Amphoteric nature of amide ; Relative reactivity of acid derivatives.

Unit 15. Nitro Compounds        : 3 hrs

Nitroalkanes : Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ; Preparation from haloalkane and alkane ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties: Reduction ; Nitrobenzene : Preparation from benzene ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties : Reduction in different media ; Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination) ; Uses of nitro-compounds .

Unit 16. Amines      : 7 hrs

Aliphatic amines : Introduction, nomenclature, classification and isomerism ; Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method ; Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 10, 20 and 30 amines ; Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2 / HCl) ; Test of 10, 20 and 30 amines (nitrous acid test)

Aromatic amine (Aniline) : Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene, phenol ; Physical properties ; Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination ; Uses of aniline.

Unit 17. Organometallic Compounds       : 2 hrs

Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds ; Nature of Metal-Carbon bond ; Grignard reagent : Preparation (using haloalkane and haloarene) ; Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and ketones ( preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride

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Applied Chemistry :    13 teaching hours.

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Unit 18. Chemistry in the Service of Mankind  : 4 hrs

Polymers : Addition and condensation polymers ; Elastomers and fibres ; Natural and synthetic polymers ; Some synthetic polymers (polythene, PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite ; Dyes : Introduction; Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of application; Drugs :Characteristics of drugs; Natural and synthetic drugs ; Classification of some common drugs; Habit forming drugs and drug addiction ; Pesticides : Introduction to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides

Unit 19. Cement    : 4 hrs

Introduction ; Raw materials for cement production ; Main steps in cement production (crushing and grinding, strong heating and final grinding) ; Types of cement- OPC and PPC ; Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram ; Cement Industry in Nepal.

Unit 20. Paper and Pulp    :  3 hrs

Introduction ; Raw materials ; Sources of raw materials; Stages in production of paper; Flow-sheet diagram for paper production ; Quality of paper.

Unit 21. Nuclear Chemistry and Applications of Radioactivity : 2 hrs

Natural and artificial radioactivity ; Units of radioactivity; Nuclear reactions ; Nuclear fission and fusion reactions ; Nuclear power and nuclear weapons ; Industrial uses of radioactivity ; Medical uses of radioactivity ; Radiocarbon dating ; Harmful effects of nuclear radiations .