Unit 16: Fundamentals of Applied Chemistry
Class 11 Chemistry - Nepal Curriculum
Teaching Hours: 4
1. Fundamentals of Applied Chemistry
Applied Chemistry deals with the practical application of chemical principles in industries, products, and daily life. It helps convert raw materials into useful products through chemical processes.
2. Chemical Industry and Its Importance
Chemical industries are essential for manufacturing various products such as medicines, fertilizers, plastics, textiles, fuels, and food additives. These industries play a key role in the economic and technological development of a country.
Fig: Importance of Chemical Industry in Daily Life
3. Stages in Producing a New Product
- Research & Development (R&D): Investigate and develop new chemical formulas or technologies
- Lab-scale Production: Testing on a small scale in laboratories
- Pilot Plant: Intermediate testing before large-scale production
- Full-scale Manufacturing: Commercial production in industrial plants
Fig: Stages in New Chemical Product Development
4. Economics of Production
The economic aspect includes the cost of raw materials, labor, equipment, energy, and waste management. A product must be economically viable and competitive in the market.
5. Cash Flow in the Production Cycle
Cash flow refers to the movement of money in and out during the production process. It involves investment in raw materials and infrastructure, and revenue generation from sales.
Fig: Cash Flow Diagram in Chemical Production
6. Running a Chemical Plant
Operating a chemical plant involves managing resources, maintaining safety standards, ensuring product quality, and monitoring processes. Trained personnel and automated systems are often used.
7. Designing a Chemical Plant
Designing involves layout planning, selecting equipment, ensuring proper ventilation, safety systems, and waste treatment facilities. The goal is to maximize efficiency and minimize risks.
Fig: Basic Layout of a Chemical Plant
8. Continuous and Batch Processing
- Continuous Process: Materials are processed nonstop. Suitable for large-scale production (e.g., petroleum refining).
- Batch Process: Fixed amounts are processed at a time. Suitable for specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, etc.
Fig: Difference Between Continuous and Batch Processes
9. Environmental Impact of the Chemical Industry
Chemical industries can lead to air, water, and soil pollution. Harmful byproducts, toxic gases, and chemical waste pose threats to health and environment. Thus, sustainable practices, waste treatment, and green chemistry are encouraged.
Fig: Environmental Hazards Due to Chemical Industries